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Introduction to the Mughal Dynasty: 

Two great races flourished in Central Asia which had a great impact on the history of the world.

 

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One of them was named Turk and the other was Mongol. The original place of Turks was Turkistan and Mongolia of Mughals or Mongols. Both these castes were nomadic in the beginning and used to move here and there in search of their livelihood. These were very brave, courageous, and fighting castes and their main occupation were to fight and plunder.

Both these castes lived as tribes and each clan had a chieftain, towards whom the people of the tribe had a great devotion. Often these tribes used to fight among themselves, but sometimes they used to organize under the leadership of brave and courageous chieftains.

Gradually, these nomadic castes established their political organization with their muscle power and in the course of time, they established their power not only over a large part of Asia but also in South Europe. Gradually, enmity and enmity started increasing between these two castes and both became rivals of each other.

The Turks looked at the Mughals with great hatred. The reason for this was that they considered them rude, cruel and enemies of humanity. The names of Amir Timur among the Turks and Genghis Khan among the Mughals are very famous. Both of them were great heroes, conquerors, and empire-founders. Both of them had invaded India and influenced its history.

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Genghis Khan entered India during the reign of Das-dynasty ruler Iltutmish and Timur during the reign of Tughlaq-dynasty ruler Mahmud. Although Genghis Khan had returned from Punjab, Timur had established his kingdom in Punjab and left his governor there.

 After the fall of the Lodi dynasty, a new dynasty was established in Delhi which became famous as the Mughal dynasty. The founder of this dynasty was Babur who was a descendant of Timur from his father's side and Genghis Khan from his mother's side.

 Thus both Turks and Mongols were flowing blood in Babur's arteries. But being the son of a Turk, he should be considered a Turk and not a Mongol. Therefore the dynasty which he established in Delhi should be called the Turk dynasty and not the Mughal dynasty. But historians have called it the name of the Mughal dynasty and made it a complex puzzle of history. Now it is necessary to cast a bird's eye on the importance of this dynasty.

When and how was the Mughal Empire established in India

Significance of Mughal Dynasty: The Mughal dynasty has great importance in Indian history. This dynasty ruled in India for about 300 years. Babur established the Mughal Empire in Delhi in 1526 AD by defeating Ibrahim Lodi, the ruler of the Lodi dynasty, and the last ruler of this dynasty, Bahadur Shah, was removed from the throne of Delhi in 1858 AD.

 In this way, no other Muslim dynasty in India ruled independently for as many days as the Mughal dynasty did.

The Mughal dynasty has importance in Indian history not only from the point of view of time but also from the point of view of expansion. The Mughal emperors not only established their unilateral empire over the whole of northern India, but they also established their dominion-power over a large part of south India. No other Muslim dynasty ruled over such a vast empire as the Mughal emperors successfully ruled.

From the point of view of peace and order also, the Mughal dynasty has great importance in Indian history. Due to the absence of any fixed rule of succession among the Muslims, the dynasties changed very rapidly from the Sultanate period. The result of this was that there used to be unrest and malaise in the state and the conspiracies of the nobles and chieftains continued.

During the Mughal period, the same dynasty continued to rule continuously. This gave stability to the state. There is no doubt that the Mughal emperors followed the imperialist policy and made conquests, but they proved completely successful in maintaining internal peace and order in their kingdom.

The results of this internal peace and order became very important. The Mughal emperors established one type of government in their entire state, imposed one type of rule and appointed one type of employee. This gave a great deal in awakening the feeling of unity.

With the establishment of peace and order, the economic progress of the country started very fast. Due to this, there was a big increase in the splendor and glory of the state. The court of the Mughal emperors was known far and wide for its splendor and its glory. Not only she herself but her subjects were also happy and prosperous.

The result of the prosperity of the country is clearly reflected in the progress of the art of that period. The grand buildings, mosques, mausoleums, and palaces built in Delhi, Agra, and Fatehpur Sikri are indicative of the memory of that period.

 The Taj Mahal, Takhtetus, Kohinoor, etc. are vivid proofs of the prosperity of this period. All fine arts flourished during this period, which can develop only in a peaceful environment. The climax of literature is also indicative of the prosperity and peaceful atmosphere of this period. In fact, the pride of the Mughal period is unique and unique.

 The Mughal emperors ushered in a new policy in Indian history. That policy was of cooperation and tolerance. In this period religious atrocities were not done like in the Sultanate period. Although Babur had given the form of 'Jihad' to the wars he waged with the Hindus in India, this spirit lived only in the time of war and on the battlefield, not in peacetime. Humayun fought with the Afghans throughout his life and did not commit any kind of atrocities against his Hindu subjects.

 

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His son Akbar completely followed the policy of religious tolerance and reconciliation. He respected and trusted the Hindus and appointed them to high positions in the state. This strengthened the Mughal state. As long as the liberal policy of Akbar was followed, the Mughal Empire remained strong and well organized, but when this policy was abandoned during the reign of Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire declined.

The Mughal dynasty has great importance from another point of view. During this period, Indians again came in close contact with foreign countries. India's trade and cultural relations with the countries of the East and the West were re-established.

 Travelers from western countries started coming to India, due to which their trade relations with Indians started increasing and the exchange of ideas also started. The end result of this was that the state institutions of Europeans were established in India and the civilization and culture of western countries had a great influence on Indian civilization and culture.

Administration of Akbar: Akbar was not only a great conqueror and empire-founder but he was also a skilled ruler. He had based his administration on very high ideals and principles. He was the first Muslim ruler who actually established secular rule. 

  He completely separated politics from religion and there was no influence of Mullah Maulvis and Ulema people in the state. Smith, praising his administrative talent and his principles of governance, wrote, “Akbar had a supernatural talent of the organization. His originality in the administrative field is found in the fact that he accepted the principle that Hindus and Muslims should be treated equally.

 

Akbar based his rule on the principle of religious tolerance and religious freedom. He was the emperor of a country in which people of different castes and religions lived, Akbar had given religious freedom to his subjects. The Hindus who lived in his court also had complete freedom to practice their religious rituals and rituals. Not only this, he had also given complete freedom to the Hindu women of his harem.

Akbar completely followed the policy of religious tolerance. Akbar used to see all his subjects equally, irrespective of the caste and religion he believed in, and no one had to face any kind of inconvenience due to his caste or religion. All were considered equal in the eyes of law and all were equally entitled to justice.

The third principle of Akbar's rule was that he had opened the door of government jobs to all people without distinction of caste or religion. He used to make appointments on the basis of talent and merit. Due to this, the services of the best people started getting to the state and its foundation was strengthened.

The biggest feature of Akbar's rule was that it was not based on military force, but its foundation was the welfare of the subjects. Akbar's rule was very liberal and people-friendly. He knew that when his subjects are happy and prosperous, then there will be peace in his kingdom and his treasury will be full of wealth, as a result of which the foundation of the Mughal Empire will be strengthened. Therefore he made every effort to develop his subjects materially, intellectually, and spiritually.

It was also the specialty of Akbar's rule that he did not separate the officers of the military and the administrative department, but used to send the big officials of the administrative department to the battlefields by making them commanders. Big officials of the administrative department like Raja Todarmal, Raja Bhagwandas, Mansingh, etc. were often sent to wars for military operations. Akbar often sent two generals together so that there was little chance of betrayal.

After getting an introduction to Akbar's ideals and principles related to governance, it was necessary to give a brief introduction to his central, provincial and local government.

Akbar's Religious Thoughts and His Religious Policy-———Akbar was a person of a very liberal and broad outlook. There was no narrow-mindedness in him at all. From his childhood, Akbar was in such an environment and in contact with such people that it was natural for him to be liberal and tolerant.

Music also had a great influence on Akbar. Since childhood, he lived with the Mughal, Turkish, Afghan, and Iranian nobles. Therefore, the feeling of communalism or classism could not develop in him and narrow-mindedness could not come in him. As a result, he became very liberal in his thoughts and developed a wonderful ability to understand the views and views of others.

Akbar was also greatly influenced by his teachers. Among his teachers were both Shia and Sunni, who were very liberal. Bayard and Munim Khan were his Sunni teachers and Bairam Khan and Abdul Latif were his Shia teachers. Abdul Latif was a man of such liberal views that he was considered Sunni in Persia and Shia in India. He influenced Akbar's mind with liberal Sufi ideas.

Saints and sages also had a great influence on Akbar. When he was under the protection of Bairam Khan, he started coming in contact with the sadhus and started looking at them with respect. When Bairam Khan's patronage ended, the emperor's contact with sheiks, saints, fakirs, sadhus, and yogis increased even earlier and gradually the emperor started thinking. 

 

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His faith in the sages and sages had increased so much that before doing any important work, he started visiting their dargahs to get the blessings of the living and five sages. Akbar had great faith in the saints of the Chishti sect and especially Sheikh Salim Chishti and used to pray for their blessings. That sage-Mahatma was of a very liberal view and broad outlook and his ideas had a great impact on Akbar.

The religious and spiritual movements of both Hindus and Muslims from the thirteenth century to the sixteenth century also had a great influence on Akbar's mind and his thoughts. During this period, there were many such Hindu and Muslim sages and reformers who refuted the external pretensions of religion and emphasized its internal elements.

 In this way, an effort was being made to search for religious temporal unity and to establish religious harmony, which was creating a sense of generosity and tolerance in social and religious life. Akbar, who was very inquisitive and a thinker, could not remain free from the influence of those thoughts.

The spirit of generosity and tolerance was gradually entering the political sphere from the social and religious sphere. Many Muslim rulers realized that they should follow the policy of religious tolerance and should not interfere in any way in the religion of their Hindu subjects and should have sympathy for all religious movements.

Many provincial rulers started following the policy of liberalism and tolerance. Akbar adopted this policy from the beginning of his reign and started showing generosity and sympathy towards religious and spiritual movements.

Akbar also greatly influenced his mental formation, his political experiences, social relations, and marriages, as a result of which he adopted the policy of liberalism and tolerance. Akbar was generous and tolerant by nature.

He made the Rajputs his integral friends and gave them high positions in his court and in his kingdom. The contact and cohabitation of these people had a great impact on Akbar. The Hindu queens also impressed Akbar greatly with their piety, their love, and simple and sweet behavior, which made him generous and tolerant.

Self-reflection also had a great impact on the mind of the emperor. Despite being busy in his strategic and administrative work, he used to do self-reflection and was searching for a way that would free his subjects from the evils of jealousy, hatred, and hatred and infuse goodwill of love, cooperation, and unity in them. . In order to guide his subjects, it was necessary that the emperor himself should set before him the high ideal of generosity and tolerance.

 

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Akbar's Last Days: 

 Although Akbar had established a vast empire with his muscular strength and his fame was flying far and wide, his last days were not spent happily. The main cause of his misery was his eldest son Salim. His other two sons, Murad and Daniel, went to the afterlife after getting drunk. So now Salim was his support. But Salim's habits and his behavior became painful for the emperor. The prince became alcoholic and luxury-loving and started disobeying the orders of the emperor. This caused great disappointment and great sorrow to the emperor.

This had a very bad effect on the health of the emperor and he became ill. There was no improvement in Salim and he kept on neglecting his duties. Salim decided to stay close to the capital and whenever the emperor ordered him to go to the north-west or south, he expressed his reluctance. As a result, the emperor himself had to go to conduct the wars of the south. Taking advantage of the absence of the emperor, Salim started ruling independently by making Allahabad his residence.

 When the emperor came to know about this, he was very worried. On 21 April 1601, he left Burhanpur for Agra. Salim openly revolted, but the emperor acted patiently and did not immediately take any action against the prince.

The emperor sent Abul Fazl from the south, but Salim killed him on the way by the Sardar Veer Singh Dev Bundela of Orchha. When the emperor came to know about this, his heart was deeply hurt and he remained unconscious for some time. He cried for several days.

The death of Abul Fazl had a bad effect on the health of the emperor. Due to this heinous act, the emperor became more and more displeased with Salim. But due to the efforts of the women of the harem, a settlement was reached between the father and the son. Salim went to the Fatehpur Emperor and persuaded him. The emperor put his turban on Salim's head and declared him his successor.

Even after this agreement, there was no change in their habits and behavior of Salim and the sorrow of the emperor did not end. He became a victim of colic, which became a disease of the collectible. The disease proved to be incurable and after twenty-three days of illness, on October 16, 1605, the emperor closed his eyes forever.